The Jungle Essay -- Essays Papers

The Jungle In Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle not only symbolized an era where dirt and filth ran rampant in meat packing industry, but it likewise exposed people to the natural human desire of greed, power, and corruptions. This in turn was a socialist transformation itself. Sinclair also provides the meaning to the phrase wage slavery in different ways.In the novel Sinclair tells a story about a man name Jurgis, a Lithuanian immigrant who gets married to young lady named Ona Lukoszaite, whos also a Lithuanian immigrant. At the wedding there are saloon-keepers who cheats the family on liquor and beer, claiming that the guests consumed much than they actually did. Since the family had enough sense not to argue with these powerful people they decided to do as they were told. Since Jurgis felt that he was strong enough to mildew off the money that was owed to these people he decided to work harder.Throughout the 1st two chapters of the novel Sinclair finds a way to talk about socialism. Socialism is the belief that whoever controls the means of production holds the power to determine how well the people live. The lefts were organized in every civilized nation(Sinclair 315). When Jurgis had made himself familiar with the Socialist literature, as he would very quickly he, would get glimpses of the Beef Trust from all sorts of aspects, and he would find it everywhere the same it was the incarnation of blind and dusty Greed. In the Nove...

The Evil Soul Revealed in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Heart of Darkness Evil Soul Revealed In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, there is a extensive interpretation of the feelings of the characters and uncertainties of the Congo. This intricate story reveals much symbolism due to Conrads theme based on the lies and good and evil, which interact together in every man. By probing into the heart of the jungle Conrad was trying to convey an impression about the heart of man through symbolism of the jungle itself and the manager. The story is written as seen through Marlows eyes. Marlow is a follower of the sea. His voyage up the Congo is his first experience in freshwater navigation. He longs to see Kurtz, in the hope of appreciating each that Kurtz finds endearing in the African jungle. Marlow does not get the opportunity to see Kurtz until he is so disease-stricken he looks more like death than a person. on that point are no good looks or health. In the story Marlow remarks that Kurtz resembles an animated image of death carved out of old ivory (Conrad page ). bid Marlow, Kurtz is seen as an honorable man to many admirers but he is also a thief, murderer, raider, persecutor, and above all he allows himself to be worshipped as a god. Both men had good intentions to seek, yet Kurtz seemed a universally genius lacking basic integrity or a sense of responsibility (Roberts 43). In the end they form one symbolic unity. Marlow and Kurtz are the light and dark selves of a single person. Meaning each one is what the other might absorb been. Kurtz is the violent devil Marlow describes at the storys beginning. It was his ability to control men through fear and adoration that led Marlow to signify this. Throughout the story Conrad builds an unhealthy lousiness. At every turn he sees evil lurking within the land. Every image is dreary and dark. The deadly Congo snakes to link itself with the sea and all other rivers of darkness and light. The setting of these adventurous and moral quests is the great jungle, in which most of the story takes place. As a symbol the forest encloses all, and in the heart of the African voyage Marlow enters the dark cavern of his own heart. It even becomes an image of a vast catacomb of evil, in which Kurtz dies, but from which Marlow emerges spiritually reborn.

Dystopai Society :: essays research papers

The Government and Total Human ControlIn Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, in George Orwells 1984, and in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World a unifying thread is presentthe government must have total wangle of all aspects of society. It must control thought, it must control media, and it must control ones usefulness to the totalitarian society.In Fahrenheit 451, the government assumes total control by illegalise all books and other reading material. By banning and burning the contraband if necessary, the government can pr tied(p)t philosophical thought. The government can also tell this by getting people to buy giant televisions, the size of walls, which play television sitcoms in which the family can star. Not only do the pointless programs reject intellectual thought, but they also entertain the family enough so that the family has no reasons to read and/or think deeply about the meaning of the world somewhat them.In 1984, the government is a bit more lenient as they will let e veryone read, but they edit all reading material so that the materials favor the Party. For the party, revising old articles and other media will ensure that no one will revolt since the rewritten material always favors the Party. Even if a task were to revolt, the Party could eliminate his existence from all forms of media. The Party vaporizes peoples existence to a point where most people do not even think about the vaporized person. By always making sure written history is pro-Party, the Party can ensure its totalitarian government.In A Brave New World, the government not only controls how one thinks, but it also controls ones physical usefulness to his society. By genetically technology ones body, the government can make it infinitely useful to itself. To make that one body heart no pain, to make the soul feel like it belongs to the society, and to make the mind open to any ideas is a vital asset for this government. The people are not always worried about remnant and can al ways relax in this utopian society since other people pleasure them, and with a society of happy people, the government never fears a revolt.By controlling what an individual thinks, does, or feels, the government always prospers.

A womans view Essay -- essays papers

A womans viewA Womens ViewThere are a circularize of specific cultural prizes that have been taught to women by society since birth. The three essays, I Want a Wife by Judy Syfers, How the Superwoman Myth Puts Women Down by Sylvia Rabiner, and An Open Window On My Private World by Jane Elizabeth Lemke are all written by women who share their experiences with us. The three essays explore the value of self, power, control, and life. original of all, in the essay, I Want a Wife, Judy Syfers exposes the meaning of wife presently in our society. Her argument is based on the premise that all wives are completely devoted to their husbands and are willing to tend to all their needs and satisfy them completely while working, being a good mother, and remaining gorgeous. Syfers reveals her translation of a wife in a very sarcastic and frustrat ed manner. Also, the style of the whole paper is very ironic. Almost as if she is screaming, she concludes her essay with, My God, who wouldnt want a wife?(pg.648, 11). The cultural values portrayed in this essay are the value of control and the value of wanting to be loved. The value of control is portrayed in our society by the husband having the control and power over his wife. Because of that control, t...

The Pressure To Be Perfect Essay -- essays research papers

The Pressure to be PerfectIn todays competitive society, a person strives for perfection, due to the factthat so ofttimes emphasis is placed on ones outer appearance. No matter who we areor where we live, society puts this pressure upon us. We are typically facedwith this pressure by models on television and in magazines. Companies seem tohave targeted women more so than men. They usually use women with good looks andnice figures to advertise and market their product. When companies use thesewomen in advertisements, it is setting a standard that other women feel thatthey need to follow.What has happened to internal kayo? Society puts so much importance onexternal beauty that people have forgotten about an individual having beautywithin. The sayings beauty is in the eye of the beholder and beauty is onlyskin deep obtain to mind when I think about just how much emphasis is placed onouter appearance.A major factor that has increased the division of overweight people in societyis te chnology. This includes items such as elevators, escalators, garage-dooropeners, drive-in windows, and the remote control. It use to be that you wouldat least burn some calories by having to get up and turn the channel on thetelevision, but thanks to technology it is now a push of a button. Just think,things have the curtain raising to grow increasingly worse because of theinformation super highway. There is no need to get out and walk the malls insearch of a particular item...

The Pressure To Be Perfect Essay -- essays research papers

The Pressure to be PerfectIn todays competitive society, a person strives for perfection, due to the factthat so much accent mark is placed on ones outer appearance. No matter who we areor where we live, society puts this pressure upon us. We are typically facedwith this pressure by models on television and in magazines. Companies seem tohave tar delivered women more so than men. They usually use women with good looks andnice figures to advertise and market their product. When companies use thesewomen in advertisements, it is tantrum a standard that other women feel thatthey need to follow.What has happened to internal beauty? Society puts so much importance onexternal beauty that deal have forgotten about an individual having beautywithin. The sayings beauty is in the eye of the beholder and beauty is onlyskin deep come to nous when I think about just how much emphasis is placed onouter appearance.A major factor that has increased the percentage of toilsome people in societyis technology. This includes items such as elevators, escalators, garage-dooropeners, drive-in windows, and the remote control. It use to be that you wouldat least burn some calories by having to get up and turn the channel on thetelevision, but thanks to technology it is now a push of a button. Just think,things have the possibility to stand up increasingly worse because of theinformation super highway. There is no need to get out and walk the malls insearch of a particular item...

A New Era for Advertisers

In his article, The Post Advertising Age, Bob Garfield describes the end of advertising as we know it. According to the author, a substantial number of video and move advertisers may soon find themselves out of work because online advertising is increasing.As a subject field of fact, numberless viewers of television and readers of print media have already been seduced by the world wide web, which now caters to their viewing and reading needs better than television and print media ever could.The world of the Internet is interactive, allowing users to fulfill their viewing or reading needs depending on their demands at any given time. The television and print media, on the other hand, do not carry the advantages that the Internet has. In short, the kinds of choices available to users of the Internet cannot be matched by the advantages of television or print media.The save choice for a television viewer is to change the channels until he or she finds something of interest. The reade r of a print magazine, on the other hand, has to purchase a new magazine if the one that he has already bought does not suit his interests.The Internet, on the contrary, is not only cheap, but also has the advantage of presenting all kinds of breeding to the user. Hence, the advantages of online advertising surpass the advantages of television and print media advertising based on the basic benefits of Internet use as compared to television and print media.The number of mass viewing MTV has been drastically reduced, thanks to the virtues of the Internet which allows the MTV generation to now enjoy online videos.1 Also according to GarfieldIn December 2005, Viacom spun off CBS, the so-called Tiffany Network, lest the broadcast commercial enterprise impede growth and depress shareholder rank.Just before Christmas 2005, Time Inc. laid off degree centigrade employees. Just after Christmas, inJanuary 2006, Time Inc. laid off 100 more employees. In April 2006, Time Inc. laid off 250 m ore employees-the last round of job cuts, the company said. In January, Time Inc. laid off300 more employees. No wonder. Since 2001, Time Warners market capitalization has shrunk to $82 billion from $193 billion.Last fall, ostensibly to promote their new seasons, five broadcast networks bypassed their local affiliates and gave away new programs online.In October 2006, NBC announced a $750 million cost cutback, including 700 jobs and amoratorium on scripted programs in the first hour of prime time.In November 2006, Clear Channel-the boogeyman of media consolidation-sold to private- equity owners and declared that it wants to unload its TV and small-market radio receiver stations.The sale fetched $38 a share. In 2000, the stock sold at $100 a share.The Minneapolis Star Tribune, acquired by McClatchy in 1998 for $1.2 billion, was sold to private investors in December 2006 for $530 million.In 2000, Chicago-based Tribune Co. was valued at $12 billion. It then bought Times-Mirror Co. for more than $8 billion. At this writing, with Tribune Co. for sale as a whole or in part, the value of the merged company is $7.34 billion.21 Bob Garfield, The Post Advertising Age, Advertising Age, 78(13) 26 March 2007.

Academic Reading and Writing

CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC narration AND make-up Learning Unit 2 nurture SKILLS By the end of this session, you should be able to identify what the writer has stated literally (read the lines) infer what the writer has stated (read between the lines) apply ideas within the text edition to what you already know (read beyond the lines) A. Reading Academic Texts Academic texts be relatively formal in structure and style. They might be textbooks or notwithstanding straightforward texts.To increase the amount of schooling that you sewer unnecessaryct from a single reading of a section, chapter or article in an academic text, you wish to use efficient academic reading strategies. Some of the skills which are essential in academic reading are skimming and s do-nothingning for specific tuition or details, making inferences based on what is stated and applying ideas with the text to what you already know. B. Identifying Specific Information To identify sp ecific information, you should begin by s assning the proceeds sentences (i. e. he sentence which makes the point of the paragraph and which is usually the first sentence of the paragraph). Locating the topic sentence eases you to stay focus on finding the indispensable information. T occupy 1 Read the following passage and declare oneself the most appropriate answers for the corresponding questions. Social Influence 1 Of the more(prenominal) yields on charitable behaviour, social influences are the most constant. When we hear the term social influence, most of us think of attempts of someone to persuade us to change our actions or opinions. The boob tube usually comes to mind.However, the major influence on people is peoples presence. Many of the most important forms of social influence are unintentional and the personal effects we humans halt on one another occur due to the fact that we are in each others physical presence. In 1898, a psychologist named Triplett made an interesting study. In checking the speed records of bicycle racers, he noticed that better speed records were obtained when cyclists raced against each other than when they raced against the clock. This observation led Triplett to coiffure another experiment. He asked children to turn a wheel as fast as possible for a certain period of measure.Sometimes two children worked at the equivalent time in the same room, each with his wheel at other times, they worked alone. The results confirmed his theory that children worked faster in co-action, which is when another child doing the same social function was present. Therefore, the experiments proved that humans perform significantly better with the presence of another person when doing a parturiency. 2 ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 48 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND create verbally 3 Soon after Tripletts experiments, it was spy that the presence of a passive spectator was enough to improve ones performance.This was discovered in an experiment on muscular effort by Meumann in 1910, who found that subjects lifted a weight faster whenever the psychologist was in the room. Later experiments have confirmed this audience effect that provides several contributions to humans. Firstly, it helps to motivate a person to perform better. Secondly, it drives a person to break the psychological barrier. This is apparent in fluctuation competitions in which crowds have a great effect on athletes performance, and it is normally referred to as home-ground advantage. For example, footballers tend to win more matches hen playing in bet of their own fans. It appears that co-action and audience effects in humans are caused by the individuals cognitive concerns about competition and the evaluation of performance that others go a steering make. We learn as we grow up that others praise or criticize, reward or punish our performances, and this raises our drive train when we perform in front o f others. Thus, flat the archean studies of co-action found that if all elements of competition are removed, co-action effects are reduced or eliminated. Similarly, audience effects are a function of a persons interpretation of how overmuch he is being evaluated. adapted from Simon, 2010) 4 1. Based on the information provided in paragraph 1, what is the main influence in changing a persons behaviour and views? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. What does the underlined phrase comes to mind in paragraph 1 mean? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. According to the passage, what was the result of Tripletts two co-action experiments in 1898? ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Briefly explain TWO (2) reasons that caused the existence of co-action and audience effects in humans. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 49 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND committal to writing C. Making Inferences Writers a good deal tell you more than they say directly. They give you hints or clues that help you read between the lines.Using these clues to give you a deeper understanding of your reading is called inferring. When you infer, you go beyond the surface details to see other meanings that the details suggest or imply (not stated). Task 2 Warming-Up Try to infer the possible capacity of the following cartoons. Discuss the messages with your peers and explain why your message is acceptable. Possible message ______________________________ ______________________________ Possible message ______________ ________________ ______________________________ ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 50 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMASPBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING Task 3 Making Inferences Read the short excerpts taken from several academic articles and answer the questions given. Excerpt 1 During the recession of the mid-1980s, there was an increase in ammonia alum unemployment in Malaysia. With the reco precise of the economy towards the end of the 1980s, alumnus unemployment was slightly reduced thanks to governments effort to create more jobs. However, graduate unemployment that existed during the 1998 currency crisis still persists until today as umteen an(prenominal) companies were forced to merge and lay off workers.It has been reported that the snatch of unemployed graduates had increased from 45,000 in 2000 to 85,000 in 2005 (Sim, 2006). What is the main cause of the increasing rate of graduate unemployment in Malaysia? A. Limited job opportunities due to economic instability . B. Currency crisis in 1998 reduced salary of many jobs. C. Lack of efforts by the government to improve the economy. D. The impact of the global economic recession in the mid-1980s. Excerpt 2 Students are required to take English exam as a compulsory requirement for entrance to public university.MUET (Malaysian undergraduate English Test) result for new entry student for the 2007/8 phthisis at one public university which can be considered as a typical sample for other public universities indicated that most students scored under the satisfactory level in English competency. From the population of 2916 new students intake at this public university, about 72. 7% has a score of Bands 1, 2 and 3. This is because all they need is to shell the MUET certificate regard slight of their Bands (Mohini, 2008). Why did many students still score below the satisfactory level though MUET is a compulsory entrance requirement?A. Students privation initiatives to improve their English. B. Englis h is often taken for granted since it is accepted as unimportant. C. Majority of the programmes at university does not have a minimum Band requirement. D. A high MUET band is not a necessity for university entrance. Excerpt 3 It is all too apparent in this study that many students, often very good students, suffer need slightly when doing group assignments. While some academics might claim that it is good to let students face problems arising from group work, it is pointless having them to face problems that they allow for not see in the workplace.Simply making students do assignments together is not preparing them for team work in sedulousness. It is not simulating real life in industry. It causes stress to many students and gives them grades they do not deserve, especially when the better ones are penalized for the lack of efforts by others (Ford & Maurice, 2011). Why do good students suffer from doing group assignments? A. class assignments reduce trouncers marking load. B. Group assignments do not relate to their future work life. C. Group assignments grades do not reflect their actual ability.D. Group assignments help them manage problems when working together. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 51 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING D. Reading Practice Task 3 Read the passage below and choose the stovepipe answers (A, B, C or D) for the questions that follow Break Your Bad Habits By Amy Novotney As an undergraduate student, you probably got As despite less-than-ideal study habits reading in front of the television, staying up all darkness cramming, checking e-mail every 10 minutes maculation working on a paper.These behaviors whitethorn have press cutting it in college, but graduate school calls for a better set of strategies, says University of Virginia psychology professor Daniel Willingham, PhD. According to psychology faculty and other experts, here are the top five habits that hold graduate students back 1. Highlighting. Dog-earing pages and highlighting journal article passages are popular but worthless exercises when it comes to helping you call in information later on, Willingham says. Thats because they dont require students to engage with the strong.Instead, he suggests students find a more active strategy that forces them to think about the meaning of what theyre reading. This might be something as simple as fetching notes on important points, outlining how journal articles fit together or spending a moment after reading a paragraph to reflect on how it fits into a pieces bigger picture. In a study by Pintrich and De Groot (1990), students who asked themselves why? at the end of each sentence while reading a factual passage about a university were significantly more likely to remember important points than students who were simply told to read the passage and remember it. . Cramming for exams. When you pull an all-nighter, your memories of the concepts youre studying beco mes associated with a particular time and environment, making them harder to retrieve, says Willingham. Thats bad news for crammers, as most tests arent handed out at 2 a. m. There are several reasons why distributing your studying throughout the semester is more long-lasting. One is that your brain doesnt make that association because the knowledge is cued and retrieved at many divers(prenominal) points over time.Willinghams claims are backed up by Webb and Sheerans (2006) meta-analysis of 317 experiments examining the spacing of student study periods. The authors found that when participants studied at two different points in time, they recalled a greater percentage of the material than when the same amount of study time was nearly uninterrupted. 5 10 15 20 25 30 ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 52 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 3. Unhealthy eating. With both time and money in short supply, graduate students often thin out lunch when ru shing to class or hit the vending machine for a late-night snack.Yet the high-fat, empty-calorie foods they often choose dont provide the energy needed to work effectively, and can also take a toll on the brain. A study by Manos (1999) linked memory loss to a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol. And a 2008 meta-analysis of 160 studies examining foods effect on the brain showed that omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in salmon, walnuts and kiwi fruit, improve culture and memory (Hillman & Erickson, 1999). 4. Multitasking. Many students pride themselves on their ability to attend to several tasks at once, but multitasking undermines efficiency, according to a study by Miller (2006).It takes extra time to shift mental gears every time you switch tasksthat means when you sit down to work, close your e-mail program so it doesnt distract you. If you ask any graduate student what they do first when they sit down to study, 99 percent say they check their e-mail, and then the next thing you know, an min has gone by, Miller says. When youre studying, you may even need to disable your Internet connection and turn off your cell phone, she says. 5. Assuming you remember what youve read.According to a Pickering and Ferreiras (2006) meta-analysis of 30 years of research, we arent very good at assessing how well we understand something. You may feel well-versed in the social psychology theories you learned in class after reading over your notes several times, but familiarity doesnt mean youll be able to recall the material for a test, Willingham says. To gauge whether youve studied enough, explain the material to someone else or create a test for yourself, he says. Quizzing one another is the No. 1 thing I recommend to students, Willingham says. Its a much more realistic assessment of what you know because it forces you to get inside the professors head and think about what they are likely to ask about the material. (adapted from Novotney, 2009) 35 40 45 50 55 60 For Questions 1-5, choose a word/phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word as used in the text. 1. Dog-earing pages (line 9) A. m a r kin g wit h book m a r ks B. dr a win g pict u r es on pages C. foldin g t h e cor n er s of pa ges D. wr it in g down n ot es on t h e side 2. making them harder to retrieve (line 24) A. or ga n ise B. pr ocess C. r eca ll D. t im u la t e ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 53 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 3. can also take a toll on the brain (line 38) A. ch a r ge B. disast er C. ba d effect D. lou d r in gin g 4. It takes extra time to shift mental gears (line 45) A. speed up wor k B. slow down t h inkin g C. t h in k a t a n a lyt ica l level D. ch a n ge focu s of concen t r a t ion 5. You may feel well-versed in (line 54) A. com pet en t B. en t h u siast ic C. h a bit u a l D. r em em ber For Questions 6-15, choose the most appropriate answers based on your reading. . Which of the f ollowing is an ideal study habit for undergraduate students? A. analyze while watching television. B. Studying into the wee hours of the morning. C. Interacting in emails while doing an assignment. D. Searching the internet for information on assignments. 7. Which sentence contains the main idea for the paragraph on highlighting? A. Dog-earing pages and highlighting journal article passages are popular but worthless exercises when it comes to helping you remember information later on, Willingham says B. Thats because they dont require students to engage with the material. C.Instead, he suggests students find a more active strategy that forces them to think about the meaning of what theyre reading D. This might be something as simple as taking notes on important points, outlining how journal articles fit together or spending a moment after reading a paragraph to reflect on how it fits into a pieces bigger picture. 8. According to the paragraph 2, why are crammers unable to remember what they studied the night before? A. Memory is better at night but tests are usually not conducted at night. B. People usually lose their concentration if they study in one long sitting. C.What is studied is stored in the memory as a single episode and is not easily recalled. D. The amount of time spent studying in one night is less than that for a whole semester. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 54 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 9. Why do students end up with unhealthy eating habits that match their memory and learning? A. Food stalls are not open at night. B. They are busy and short of money. C. High-fat, empty-calorie food is tasty. D. They have lectures during lunch hour. 10. What food should students avoid if they want to improve their memory and learning?A. Fish. B. Fries. C. Fruits. D. Nuts. 11. What is the main idea for the paragraph on multitasking? A. Multitasking is an ability to be proud of. B. Multitasking is not an efficien t way to study. C. Checking email should not be part of multitasking. D. Internet connection is a distractor when multitasking. 12. What is the author not saying in paragraph on multitasking? A. Students should do the less mentally taxing tasks first. B. It is better to finish one task first before starting another. C. Email, internet connection and cell phones are distractive. D. To save time, graduate students should not check their email. 3. Why do students often assume they remember what they have read? A. They are familiar with it. B. They have copied the notes. C. They have attended the lecture. D. They can explain it to someone. 14. According to Willingham, which is the best way to assess how well we understand something? A. See whether we can recall the information in the lecture. B. Find out whether we can do the test given by the lecturer. C. Ask each other questions on the information in the lecture. D. Set a test on the lecture and answer the questions ourselves. 15. Whi ch text? A. B. C. D. f the following less-than-ideal study habits is not an idea found in the Eating at irregular hours. Doing last-minute studying. Reading articles superficially. Doing many things at one time. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 55 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING Task 4 Read the passage below and choose the best answers (A, B, C or D) for the questions that follow. The Record-breaking handwriting 1 The biggest house of cards, the longest tongue, and of course, the tallest man these are among the thousands of records logged in the famous Guinness halt of Records.Created in 1955 after a debate concerning Europes fastest game bird, what began as a marketing tool sold to pub landlords to promote Guinness, an Irish drink, became one of the bestselling copyright titles of all time. In time, the book have sold 120 million copies in over 100 countries, quite a leap from its humble beginnings. 2 In its early years, the book aims to satisfy mans curiosity about the natural world around him. Its two principal fact finders, twins Norris and Ross McWhirter, stumbleled the globe to collect facts.It was their task to find and document aspects of life that can be sensed or observed, things that can be quantified or measured. But not just any things. They were whole interested in superlatives the biggest and the best. It was during this period that some of the hallmark Guinness Records were documented, answering such questions as What is the brightest star? and What is the biggest spider? 3 Once aware of the publics thirst for such knowledge, the books authors began to branch out to cover little-known facts. They started documenting human achievements as well.A forerunner for candor television, the Guinness Book gave people a chance to become famous for accomplishing extraordinary and often pointless tasks. Records were set in 1955 for consuming 24 raw eggs in 14 minutes and in 1981 for the fastest solving of a Rubiks city block (which took a mere 38 seconds). In 1979, a man yodelled non-stop for ten and a quarter hours. 4 In its latest form, the book has found a new home on the internet. No longer restricted to the physical paper, the Guinness World Records website contains seemingly infinite facts concerning such topics as the most powerful combustion engine, or the worlds longest train.More and more facts and achievements are added. While there is no denying that each of these facts has its individual attraction, the increasing number of strange achievements represents an important change from the education-oriented facts of sooner editions. It seems Guinness World Records has changed its focus to cater to the audience that wants entertainment more than educational values. 5 Originating as a simple bar book, the Guinness Book of Records has changed over decades to provide insight into the full variety of modern life.Although one may be more likely to learn about the widest human mout h than the highest number of casualties in a Civil War, the Guinness World Records website offers a peek into the future of investigative and record-documenting. (adapted from Michael & Timothy, 2012) ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 56 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 1. What caused the introduction of Guinness Book of Records in 1955? A. The search for bestselling titles. B. The debate by several pub landlords. C. The marketing tool to promote Guinness. D. The arguments on the Europes fastest game bird.What was the main purpose of Guinness Book of Records in its early years? A. To document various life happenings B. To let the fact finders do the superlatives. C. To fulfil the curiosity within each human being. D. To travel around the world and find unbelievable facts. As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for principal? A. main B. belief C. senior D. pilot film How did the Guinness Book reality television show give people a chance to become famous? A. By accomplishing a task within a given time. B. By showing off their eating and singing habits. C. By presenting their skills in front of the audience. D.By performing strange and usually pointless tasks. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the primary public assistance of making Guinness World Records available online? A. It is more environmental friendly. B. It helps to save the cost of printing the book. C. The book can be sold to a larger number of readers. D. More facts can be added without the restriction of the paper. According to the author, the major difference between older editions of the Guinness Book of Records and the new Guinness World Records website involves A. a move from fact-finding to the recording of achievements B. a change in focus from educational to entertaining material C. departure from book sales being limited to local pubs and disallow D. an end to the use of educational facts as a means to promote Guinness Why does Guinness World Record s include more strange achievements? A. It adds entertainment values to the records. B. It allows more people to achieve the impossible. C. More people were capable of doing weird things. D. The education-oriented facts are very hard to find. 6. 7. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 57 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032 ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 8. As used in paragraph 4, which is the best definition for infinite?A. certain B. excellent C. unlimited D. very little Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The reality television show for Guinness Book of Records was a failure. B. The title for the Guinness Book of Records was derived from an Irish bird. C. Norris and Ross McWhirter were the first fact-finders for Guinness Book of Records. D. Changes to Guinness Book of Records are expected in the future since many people dislike reading silly records. What does the author imply by Guinness World Records website offers a peek into the future of fact-finding and record-d ocumenting (paragraph 5)?A. Guinness World Records website will endure to be more entertainmentbased. B. Finding facts on various records to fit into the website would be harder in the future. C. The need for Guinness World Records website to be maintained for future generations. D. The Guinness World Records website may not be visited in the future since it has excluded educational facts. 9. 10. IMPORTANT NOTE In the final exam, the reading section will only include multiple-choice questions (MCQ) ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 58

Game Theory †21 flags winning strategy Essay

There were 21 flags and each sham had the opportunity to remove 1,2, or 3 flags. The player that removes the last flags give be the engaging team. By applying the backwards induction theory, think backwards in time and the optimal winning strategy is to leave the opponent player 4 flags by each step to remove the flags so that the remaining number is divisible by 4.The player that has the first attempt to remove the initiatory flag will control the 100% of whole situation. This is the unbeat fitting strategy that will lead the whole situation by leaving the opponent player with a seven-fold of 4 flags. This apply when both player understand the trick of this 21 flags game. By leaving the opponent player with 20 flags at the first attempt, no matter how many flags the opponent player remove, the player that in control could consequently remove the flags and leave the opponent with 16 flags, then 12 flags, then 8 flags and finally 4 flags which forces the opponent in to a situatio n where no matter how many flags the opponent player remove, the in charge player will be able to take the last flag.The key of this game is the target number you arrange it so you leave your opponent player with. consequently whatever amount of flags the opponent player take, you can remove the remaining 1 to 3 flags that sum up to 4. The first attempt to remove the 1st flag of this 21 flags game has the upper hand.However, if you lost the first attempt to remove this game, you better hope the opponent player do not spot the trick of 21 flags. By this, you may still stand a chance to get back the control of this game by playing haphazardly to confuse the opponent player and try to get back the target number of 4. Unless the opponent understand well the strategy of this game else they most in all probability will go to make a mistake and allow you to control back the situation by getting back the situation where flags number able to be divide by 4 before ending the game.

Review of Applications of Accounting Information System of Petroleum

Today the competitive world has thrown more challenges to the corporate world. More transpargonnt and clear training to the corporate management and its customers also has been the trick of success in right aways market. A company can gain confidence and attract more customers if it is very transparent, clear demonstrable and subjective in its education it provides to its investors and managers. Keeping this in view news report learning System has been the talk of the corporate world.The petroleum producing countries are also coerce to follow certain technologies in their account organisations so as to get more information regarding distribution and sharing of profits among its investors. This article is a instruction on the importance and also applications of AIS in petroleum companies with special reference to Yemen. Concept and definition of AIS The definition of AIS has evolved over the years from one focusing on the provision of more formal, fiscally quantifiable infor mation to assist in decision-making processes to one that embraces a much broader setting of information.The dimensions used to reflect the design of AIS take focus, orientation, time horizon, aggregation, integration, timeliness, financial and non-financial, and quantitative and qualitative. Defining AIS has been difficult today and research in this area is quite diverse. It includes behavioral studies of audit decision making tools, theater of operations studies of disposalal arrangings, design, development of general ledger establishments, and development of history models that effectively utilize advancement in computer technology, application of different technology solutions to AIS situations, and many a(prenominal) other types of studies.In general, an information strategy is used to represent the real world phenomena with a set of symbols which are captured and implemented within a computerized environment (McCarthy, 1979). Therefore, an accounting information syst em is one that translates representations of economic activities into a format that is valuable to accountants and to their customers i. e. , business decision clear uprs, who need information about economic activities. Accountants are macrocosm pressured to redefine their contribution to organizations and to expand the scope of their activities beyond financial orderment preparation and analysis.They are being called upon to become active enterprise-wide team members who provide information and guidance in strategic decision- making salutations. Similarly, day-to-day operations managers demand a wide range of financial and non-financial performance measures. Therefore, if AIS is going to allow todays accountants to provide the information, business decision makers, should meet the following definition An accounting information system is one that captures, stores, manipulates, and presents information, about an organizations value-adding activities to attend decision makers in planning, monitoring, and controlling the organization. This definition certainly includes financial accounting systems, which have a bun in the oven the primary purpose of generating financial statements in accordance with Generally recognized Accounting Principles (GAAP). However this definition recognizes that businesses must perform a wide range of value-adding activities (such as production, distribution, sales, etc. ) to be successful, and that the types of information needed to mange such activities leave alone be extensive. Therefore, the scope of corporate systems that are included under the AIS umbrella is much broader than the general ledger system and the programs that prepare journal entries to feed it.Actually, AIS is a system that aids in processing legal proceeding and in tracking the data that result from such operations. These systems also must provide performance meters (financial and non- financial) and overhaul to enforce management control objectives. Th ey include transaction processing systems (such as billing systems for sales processes), interorganizational systems that share data with upstream and downstream partners (such as web-based effect systems and electronic data interchange cash receipt processing), and bet on systems.This enables economic exchanges (such as order processing, customer market analysis, and livestock control systems). This definition has satisfying integrative implication. For example, the impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems on the market has been dramatic. These systems were initially designed around core functions such as manufacturing or human being resources. As they matured, their breadth expanded to include much more of the organizations activities. The key characteristic they embraced was developing an integrated data repository which was social by users throughout the organization.ERP systems provide massive tallys of data that is up dated in real time, and they are able to provide greater planning support and a wider range of performance measurements which were done previously by manufacturing or management planning systems. Accounting Information System (AIS) is the Information subsystem within an organization that accumulates information from the entitys various subsystems and communicates it to the organizations information processing subsystem. The AIS has traditionally focused on collecting, processing, and communicating financial-oriented information to a companys external parties (e. . investors, creditors, and government originities) and internal parties (mainly management). Under the traditional view of AIS, separately organizations functional areas, such as marketing, production, finance, and human resources, maintain a separate information system. However, organizations have found the need to integrate these separate systems into one seamless database or to enterprise-wide information system. Today, the AIS is concerned with non-financia l information as puff up as financial data and information.Accounting Information System (AIS) is based on value accounting theory which are designed to store and summarize financial transactions used to produce financial statements in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and to account to the owners of the business in this way. The figure no. 1 has shown Accounting Information System as logical part of MIS. Management Information System (MIS) is defined as an organized method of providing information to each manger with all the data and only those data which he needs for his decisions when he needs them and in a form, which aids to understand and stimulate his action.Fig. No. 1 Illustrates AIS as a Logical Part of MIS. In short, the researchers agree with the definition by Remney Steinbart (2000) An Accounting information system (AIS) consists of muckle, procedures and information technology. Accounting Information Systems Functions Meigs et al. (1999 ) specified the basic functions of accounting systems in developing information about the financial position of a business and the results of its operations any accounting system performs following basic functions 1. Interpret and record the effects of business transactions. 2.Classify the effects of similar transactions in a manner that permits determination of the various totals and subtotals efficacious to management and used in accounting reports. 3. Summarize and communicate the information contained in the system to decision makers. The differences in accounting systems arise primarily in the manner and speed with which these functions are performed. They ensure full control, which confirm the accuracy in recording and manipulating the data related to business activity and also, protect those data and organizations assets. Characteristics of Accounting InformationStambaugh Carpente, (1992) counted in briefly the Information characteristics as follows. 1- Provided on timely basis. 2- Presented in an aesthetically appealing format. 3- Relevant to the decisions at hand. 4- Concise insofar sufficient in scope to allow what-if analysis. 5- Flexible to interface with information from other functional units. There is also a several characteristics determine the qualities that make information valuable 1. Costs-versus-benefits sometimes information costs more to get humanitarianal information than the information is worth.Thus, cost-benefit considers to provide an overall constraint on the amount of information a decision-maker will get. 2. Understandability/Granularity/Aggregation Many factors can contribute to the understandability of information, including user knowledge, skill, training, and motivation. In addition, information design choices its take of aggregation (or granularity) which will affect its understandability, hence, its gain for controlling information integrity. For some purposes, highly aggregated information may be called for whereas for other purposes, very expound information may be required.Thus, appropriately tailored levels of granularity/aggregation can be enablers of information integrity. A proxy for the understandability of information is its uniformity with user-specified requirements. 3. Reliability the information must be reliable, you must be able to count on its being what its purpose to be (this is known, more formally, as figural faithfulness), and on its being reasonably free from error and bias (this is known, more formally, as neutrality) . Additionally , for information to be reliable, it ought to be true.If seversal different people(or systems)set out to fall the information from the data, they should all come to the same conclusion (this is know, more formally, as verifiability). Infomration that is not veriable , or not neutral, or not representationally faithful cant be relied on for decision-making. 4. coin/ Timeliness It must be accepted that absolute completeness and accuracy are impossible or impractical to achieve. Information Currency is affected by real world changes over time (as well as by information processing delays) with a commensurate impact on information accuracy.Since time is continuous, completeness and accuracy must be understood in a context that defines acceptable limits for information currency, hence accuracy. For example, if certain information, such as cash receipts is only updated on a weekly basis to accounts receivable, then accounts receivable could be considered accurate if it was missing a days worth of transactions. However, if information such as airline reservation transactions updates available seat inventory in real time, then seat inventory would be considered unacceptably inaccurate if a days worth of transactions were omitted.As presented here, processing timeliness and information currency are really aspects of information completeness, which in turn, determines the degree of accuracy that information possesses however, because of their unique relationship to the dimension of time and the change that time engenders, it is useful to identify currency/timeliness as separate attributes of information integrity. 5. Validity/Authorization Representational faithfulness of information about intangible objects implies that the information is valid in ways other than symmetricalness with an original physical condition.The concept of validity means that information represents real conditions, rules or relationships rather than characteristics of physical objects. In a general context, conditions, rules or relationships are valid if what they purport is true. In a business context, conditions, business rules or relationships are established or approved by parties with the delegated authority to do so. Thus, transactions are valid if they were initiated and executed by personnel or systems that have been granted the authority to do so and if approvals are authentic and within the scope of the authority grante d to the approver(s).For example, if the credit limit assigned to a customer reconciles to the companys rules and procedures used to set credit limits, the credit limit would be valid. Thus, the concept of validity includes elements of both accuracy and authorization. A validation process may therefore require an investigation of an individual item, a relationship amid one item and another item, or a relationship between an item and a business rule, policy or standard. 6.Completeness Accuracy by itself is inadequate to convey the full dimensionality of the requirements for representational faithfulness which requires completeness of information in both space and time. Thus, there is a fundamental trade-off between completeness and accuracy because measurement and processing limitations of information processing systems will prevent 100% real-time completeness, especially for subject matter that changes frequently. This, in turn, prevents 100% accuracy. In other words, every discu ssion of accuracy is also a discussion of completeness, and vice versa.The amount of information is measured by the reduction of ignorance and uncertainty and not by the addition of knowledge. The Figure No. 2 illustrates the AIS characteristics according to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in 1980 Accounting Information Systems Components An accounting system consists of the personnel, producers, devices, and records used by an organization to develop accounting information and to communicate this information to decision makers. The design and capabilities of these systems vary greatly from one organization to the next.In very small business, the accounting system may consist of little more than a cash register, a check book, and an annual trip to an income tax office. In large business, an accounting system includes computers, highly trained personnel, and accounting reports that affect the daily operations of every department. But in every case the basic purpose of the accounting system remains the same to meet the organizations needs for accounting information as efficiently as possible. Many factors affect the structure of the accounting system within a particular organization.The most important are the companys needs for accounting information and the resources available for operation of the system. Accounting Information System Objectives Naturally, there is no system without goal, we should differ between stated objectives and the real objectives, when the entity declares its stated objectives satisfies consumers wile the real objectives maximum profits at to gain. Each enterprise has implicit and explicit goals and objectives, enterprises may have a mission statement that describes their goals.These goals can vary widely among enterprises ranging from nonprofit organizations, where goals are aimed at serving specified constituents, profit organizations, where goals are directed toward maximizing the owners objectives. It may seem at first s ight to be an easygoing thing to do, but it can be seen as a complex problem in the absence of stated objectives. It means that the firm has no banner against which to evaluate its success or failure or to use in the process of choosing between alternative activities.One of the problems in stating objectives for a firm is that only people involved with the firm can have objectives, not the firm it self. If this is accepted, then it is obviously possible that there is more than one relevant objective. Accounting is strictly human invention, having no independent existence in nature. Hence, it can not in any true sand have been discovered, but it must have been constructed by human minds to serve human needs. Accounting Information System objectives are as follows 1.Internal control, including the safeguarding of organization money and other property, the regular collection and hire of sums of money owed to and by it, and the prevention and detection of inefficiency, waste, and d ishonesty by employees of the organization. 2. Measurement of financial data, by means of the recording of transactions and events affecting the financial state of the organization, and their processing in accordance with consistent rules. 3. Provision of information for planning and decision making to management. 4. Reporting of financial information to properties, investors, and other interested persons.Another author also gives his contribution in accounting system objectives, such as Ijiri, (1975) in addressing the question of what an accounting system should do ? He identifies accountability and information usefulness as the two main broad objectives that any accounting system should achieve. He states that accountability has clearly been the social and organizational backbone of accounting for centuries. In this sense to account for he takes to explain a consequence by providing a set of causes that have collectively produced the result. To provide accountability is thus an es sential mark of an accounting system.However, in the modern business world, information usefulness is also an important, albeit secondary, requirement. Thus, the core of any accounting system is to provide accountability with information usefulness a necessary adjunct. All accounting information systems seek five basic results 1. To record an actual, valid transaction 2. To accurately classify the nature of the transaction 3. To record the correct value of the transaction 4. To place the transaction in the proper accounting period and 5. To generate financial statements containing information about the transaction.

Orgnizational structure of two companys Essay

Starbucks Corporation is an American global cocoa company and coffeehouse chain. It is based in Seattle. It was founded in Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington March 30, 1971.It is a public business and consist of 149,000 employers as of 2011.In Starbucks the Managers and subordinates alike are working with communications more efficiently. By having a Flat decentralized structure. Flat in the sense that Starbucks has few layers of management and broad span of control and decentralized meaning mangers and employers are allowed to take dash in the decision making instead of headquarters due to the fact that they have close relationship with the customers.Also, since Starbucks specializes in coffee production and sales it cannot be considered a matrix organization. This is because unlike companies like apple and Microsoft where various projects take place on a daily basis, Starbucks just focuses on mainly coffee marketing and coffee production. Wal-MartWal-Mart is an American mult inational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the worlds second largest public corporation. The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, incorporated on October 31, 1969, and publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. WalMart is besides the largest grocery retailer in the United States. Walmart has a total of 2.2 million employees as of 2013.Wal-Marts management structure and management style model is created or molded by Sam Waltons principles and values. Increasing size and geographical scope of Wal-Mart determined that the corporate executives should remain in touch with customers and store operations on a daily basis.This means that Walmart engages in a Centralized authority. Also, Wal-Marts regional vice presidents are responsible for supervising between 10 and 15 district managers. The divisional structure is divided into three categories prod uct, market, and geographic. This means also that walmart specializes in Departmentalization. Moreover, due to its type of industry (retail) not much projects want to be done. In other words, Wal-Mart is a line organization.To sum things up, the structure of Wal-Mart clearly defines the roles of employees and lines of authority. By following divisional structure approach Wal-Mart has a immediately Centralized structure which enables it to have a wide span of control and this plays a major role in decision making .Referenceshttp//www.starbucks.com/http//www.latimes.com/business/ property/la-fi-mo-starbucks-ceo-howard-schultz-government-shutdown-20131008,0,4717965.story http//smallbusiness.chron.com/starbucks-its-organizational-design-12857.html http//corporate.walmart.com/our-story/leadership/executive-management http//www.walmart.com/http//news.walmart.com/news-archive/2010/01/28/walmart-announces-organizational-changes

Platypuses

Platypuses Phylum Chordata classifies some of the most unique animals of our time. These animals all are common in a certain way. All chordates have vertebrae, a notochord that runs beneath the dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits or openings in the throat. Additionally, all chordates have a post-anal lowlife that is almost always lost, a closed circulatory system and lastly, a beating heart. These derived features indicate their common ancestry.Although this phylum contains animals with many structural similarities, evolution and adaptations to selected environments forced animals to form to be able to survive and reproduce. A member of Phylum Chordata, the platypus is just one of these thousands of animals that have to compete to make a name for itself in its environment. Its amazing how these chordates evolved from simple little organisms like tunicates to complex terrestrial amniotes like mammals. The platypus or Ornithorhynchus anatinus is an animal of Phylum Chordata.This bizarre animal is most the surface of a house cat and is covered by thick waterproof hair. Platypuses have a beak like a duck, webbed forearms driftming, clawed hind(prenominal) feet for aid in burrowing, and a broad, flat beaver tail. Also, platypuses have a common opening for the reproductive, excretory, and digestive systems. Male platypuses have sharp venomous stingers on the heels of their hind feet to intoxicate any foe that threatens it. Males are also larger than females in size being 20 inches long and females only being about 17 inches.Their average weight is roughly three to five pounds. Platypuses gibbers are built differently than other mammals. They have extra bones in their jaw and different muscles. It is a very unique animal and was hard to classify by scientists because it is a monotreme. Being a monotreme, platypuses are one of a a couple of(prenominal) species of mammals that can lay eggs. Also, monotremes are known to have a sese of electroreception. This path that they can locate their prey by detecting electric fields form by muscle contractions. This ties in with the platypus feeding modes.It feeds by neither sight nor smell, closing its eyes, ears, and nose each time it dives. Rather, when it digs in the get through of streams with its bill, its electroreceptors detect tiny electrical currents generated by muscular contractions of its prey, enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects, which continuously stimulate its mechanoreceptors. They scoop up insects and larvae, shellfish, and worms in their bill along with bits of gravel and mud from the bottom. All this material is stored in cheek pouches and, at the surface, mashed for consumption.Platypuses do not have teeth, so the bits of gravel attend them to chew their meal. The platypus has an advantage being semi-aquatic. They inhabit itty-bitty streams and rivers around cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to tropical rainforests of Queensla nd. In these places, the population of platypuses is plentiful plainly not really anywhere else on the globe it seems. Also, platypuses can survive living in burrows as well. Theyre generally regarded as nocturnal and crepuscular. This means that they are primarily active during the twilight more than during the daytime.Platypuses are known to be capable of making noises, but these have rarely been heard. Their call is a throaty, clucking sound, and they can also communicate by growling at each other. It is used when they are in danger. Other times it is used a behavioural method to attract mates to produce healthy and strong offspring. Platypuses like to live alone, but they can sometimes share small areas of water together. As you can see, platypuses have strange habitats and communication methods for a mammal.Platypuses are one of few mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The females lettre de cachet themselves inside one of the burrows chambers to lay th eir eggs from winter to spring. A mother typically produces one or two eggs and keeps them warm by holding them between her body and her tail. The eggs hatch in about ten days, and after, the tiny babies (called puggles) drinks their mothers milk, which comes from tiny openings in the mothers belly. The puggles are completely helpless when they are born and are about the size of lima beans.Females nurse their young for three to four months until the babies can swim on their own. Duck-billed Platypuses have a life span of 10 12 years. The platypus is unknown to its contribution to its environment. In the past, the number of platypuses decreased im practiceable to pollution effects, being hunted for its thick fur as well as being the prey of foxes, snakes, and eels. These days, the platypus population increased because of being put in captivity by the Australian government. They play a crucial role in the food web of streams by foraging on small aquatic invertebrates.Now, they are no t under any immediate threats in their environments. In conclusion, animals are living organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialize sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli. The platypus possesses all these qualities being a sustainable chordate that plays a secern in an environment. Its uniqueness of being a hodgepodge of various different animals interested my mind in finding information about its behaviors. The platypus is a one-of-a-kind animalchordate mammalmonotremething

Tesco Company Profile

The guild has also established a strong node bow by effectively utilizing the information held within their systems by leveraging the concept of Customer Relationship Marketing. Alongside, the company has effectively performed the process of data mining finished directly analysing the information from the EPOS (Electronic Point of Sale) Systems installed in their shop floors so as to identify the potential customers and enter new target markets and business segments.The execution of the file maker systems in line with their point of sale systems to produce store specific adverts and promotion banners has apparently leveraged the company an edge over its competitors in the supermarket chain. The online shopping system TESCO WEBSITE In the light of the above argument, an insight into the TESCO website reveals the following results.The company has a highly structured website that has classified its products efficiently based on the departments and then provided a two stage categori sation for identifying the actual product itself. The two stages of categorisation are achieved by the providing a short list of hyperlinks under(a) a selected category so as to enable the customer to view the products.The website also provides an interactive help system that efficiently guides a new substance abuser to quickly get accustomed to the online shopping process in order to encourage the customers to shop online. Apart from the easy to navigate system and the help provided online, the company has also established a dedicated call centre service especially to attend to the queries of the online shoppers including support on completing an order as strong as serving the customer queries on existing orders and deliveries.Alongside, the feature of reserving a delivery schedule before starting the shopping process itself makes it further easier for the customer to decide on the products to prioritise on the order placed. This provides an additional benefit of gaining customer satisfaction as well as a second to none service in the online shopping system to the customers.The aforementioned statements further justify that the TESCO Plc has apparently gained competitive advantage in the electronic commerce mode of retail in the supermarket chain segment of the retail sector in the UK. Alongside, the company has not only established the online transaction system for the sale of its retail products tho for cross selling of its other services including DVD rental, finance and other services. This complete existence of the company over the Internet has apparently proved favored in gaining competitive advantage in the market.The above analysis has proved that TESCO Plc has leveraged competitive advantage through strategically deploying the electronic commerce system in its website and conducting transactions quickly in order to provide timely delivery of the products and services. The research conducted so far is based on the secondary information resources a nd then to derive on a concrete solution, a primary research in the form of questionnaire is carried out. The next chapter provides a critical overview of the research methodology and the context

Nursing Theory

Question 1 A). Describe in your own row what you trust breast feeding is? - treat is answerable to look after sick and injured people . It is a traffic of carry on to assess, planned ,help what their necessarily to hold open them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A reserve must have skill to discover their knowledge , skills ,and hump and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of from each one nurse supposition. -Self-Care Deficit nurse Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orems self portion out deficit theory, general theory of treat is one of the server wide used stumper in care for today.In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing sheepskin in the earlyish 1930s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addendum to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Har tweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) attached that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a knowledge and an art . later on reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then(prenominal) answer . come to her as a set on fire of in flowerpot an understanding that the reason why somebodys could benefit from anything was the existence of self vexation limitations. -Interpersonal transaction Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an social Page1 supposititious fabric. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through with(predicate) each culture stage.She viewed the coating of nursing as developing a relationship amid the hold and thickening whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the guest to gain independence as rapidly as possible and be nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting fiber of demeanor or to a peaceful death that the lymph gland would perform unaided if he or she had the requirement strength, will or knowledge.Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a mannequin for nursing care. These are respire usually, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and obtain a desirable position, pause and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, carry on clay temperature within normal range, keep the readable and well groomed, repress dangers in the environment, top with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a consciousness of accomplishment, figure out or put down in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal outgrowth and he alth. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship betweenNursing theoryThe patient in this case has a condition that puts him at risk for nausea and injury. uk/nursing-scientific-management-and-frederick-taylor/A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspects of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting and or prescribing nursing care (Jacqueline, 2001). Imogene kings theory focuses more specifically on the events and the phenomena of the discipline and is specific enough to contribute on a sound basis for achieving an effective behavioral outcome in this case study.Applications of these theories in utilize depend on the awareness, understanding and research on their interrelationships (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The Ameri quarter Nurses Association (ANA) is a full-service professional organization representing the nations entire registered nurse population. The ANA represents the interests of t he nations 2.7 million registered nurses through its 54 constituent state and territorial associations and over 150,000 members. It is dedicated to ensuring that an adequate supply of highly skilled and well-educated nurses is available in USA. ANA is excessively committed to meeting the needs of nurses as well as health care consumers (http//www.nursingworld.org).Imogene King (Jacqueline, 2001) hypothesise a goal attainment theory which focuses on three dynamic interacting systems namely, personal, interpersonal and social systems. harmonize to this theory, a personal relationship occurs between the thickening and the nurse, and this nurse-client relationship is the vehicle for the delivery of nursing care, which is delimitate as a dynamic interpersonal process (Jacqueline, 2001). This theory emphasizes on the fact that the nurse and the client are affected by each others behavior and it is duty of the nurse to maintain this interpersonal process.Kings culture Attainment Theo ry involves a process where the nurse and the patient mutually communicate information, establish goals, and take action to obtain the parking lot goals. This theory is about the interpersonal process where deuce people, usually strangers come together in a health care organization to obtain their health goals.This goal attainment theory is based on personal and interpersonal systems, which includes fundamental interaction, communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and development, time and space. Goal attainment in this model is achieved through a goal-oriented nursing record, which is composed of five major elements namely, a database, a problem list, a goal list, a plan and progress notes. Active participation of the client in the process of goal setting and goal achievement are the major strengths of this model. This model framework is useful for nurses in social interactions with clients.This theory is based on the principle that each individual (client) brings to an in teraction a different set of values, ideas, attitudes, perceptions to exchangeand the other person (nurse) receives this information and processes it. Thus, these two individuals mutually notice goals and the means to achieve them. In this interaction process they reach an agreement about how to attain these goals and then set about to realize them (Jacqueline, 2001).According to Kings theory, Patient participation with the elements of communication, expression, interaction with the nurse is the most important factor, which keeps alive the interpersonal process of personal relationship. This brings the nurse and the patient to a common goal and both of them strive to achieve this common goal. This is supported by the strategies, the nurse record of the outcomes and the statistical analysis of the data.CONCLUSIONThus today Nursing is a profession rather than a vocation. Nursing as a profession accounts for its conscientious, knowledgeable and responsible actions. The profession has extended education avenues, a body of knowledge leading to defined skills, an ability to provide specific service, professional autonomy to make decisions governed by a code of ethics (Patricia A Potter, 2005).The theoretical models have served as frameworks for nursing curriculum and practice by increasing the scientific basis of nursing practice and in USA, ANA has been continuing its efforts to expand the scientific and research base for nursing practice, for the collective bargaining rights and workplace advocacy for all nurses, to gain meliorate compensation and better working conditions for nurses, and to implement new ways in which nursing services can be delivered to respond to current and future demands for cost-effective, quality health care ( http//www.nursingworld.org ).It Strives to shape the future of healthcare through excellence in nursing education using education, science and technology to improve health. annex Jacqueline, The Nurse Theorists-21st century updates , Nursing science quarterly, Volume 14, 4 311, 2001. Patricia A Potter, Anne Griffin Perry, Fundamentals of Nursing, sixth edition, Mosby, 2005. Ruth L.E. Murray, Marjorie Baier, Kings conceptual framework applied to a transitional living program, Perspectives in psychiatric Care, Vol. 32, 1996. http//www.nursingworld.org/about/mission.htmNursing TheoryQuestion 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orems self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today.In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art .After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage.She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship betweenNursing TheoryQuestion 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orems self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today.In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930 s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art .After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage.She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between th e nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between

Favorite Restuarant

My Favorite Restaurant Every year for my birthday we go out as a family to my favorite restaurant, Benihana For those of you that are ready to select a good sentence with family or friends this place is emphatically the place to go, but it is outdo to book a reservation forrader of fourth dimension it isnt a secret to society. Benihana is an all-time favorite restaurant of mine, with great location, unfor reducetable frolic and an excellent menu choice. Benihana is an all-time favorite restaurant of mine because it is located in the heart of downtown, in the midst of all the city lights and city life.When we go to Benihana we park around the block and get a horse & carriage to take us to the door. Parking is free the carriage is extra. This is an excellent idea for whatever special occasion or just a date iniquity on the town. The location is pleasant to any of the major freeways (I-45, I-10 and 59). Aside from the location, Benihana is an excellent place to go for a caper filled night of entertainment. I can assure anyone that after an experience at the original Benihana it will be light to see why I am declaring it to be my favorite restaurant.Benihana has un pass ontable entertainment from the moment you paseo in. Walking into the restaurant the guest will be greeted by the amazing aroma of some of the best food, laughter and fun for all The server will take drink orders from each guest and when they coif to bring the drink orders, the fun decorated souvenir glass starts out as a quaint conversational piece, as the cook prepares the table for even more unforgettable entertainment. At Benihana the food is not only cooked its choreographed.The chefs will have you craving for more as they slice and dice and chopper your meal before your eyes, very skilled and trained, in the art of entertainment or eater-tainment as they call it themselves. all(prenominal) tables personal chef will perform a uniquely amazing presentation as they cook each gues t personal favorites. Everything is cooked right in front of the guest on a Japanese style on a hibachi table. The best entertainment is the entertainment your taste buds get from the outstanding menu.The menu has anything from sushi to steak. Everything is fresh no frozen, no canned, no additives Each guest will be brought a hot towel to clean their hands. Then served a hot onion soup, as well(p) a huge favorite to many the salad with the Benihana dressing over the top You can use chop sticks or the regular silver ware, its fun to learn how to use chop sticks, and in result you may not know how to use them, the server will be glad to give quick, fun lessonsOne of my personal favorite items from the menu is the Sea and Meadow or better known as steak and shrimp, is served to perfection with vegies, fried rice and sauteed bean sprouts over extra more shrimp. Anything from the menu is to kick downstairs for and all ranges in price from $10. 75-19. 95 not bad for steak, chicken, and shrimp, or lobster and scallops. Dont forget to order dessert from the menu, maybe a tempura banana or rainbow sherbet. After dessert the guest have had the most memorable night in a while entertained and full to the brim.For those smell for a new favorite restaurant I would recommend Benihana or even if you are just looking for something outside the norm, or maybe a special someone is having a birthday or anniversary, this is definitely a restaurant that will leave the guest wanting to come back time and time again. Benihana is conveniently located in the heart of downtown, its full of surprises, and extreme diner entertainment and everything on the menu is delicious and healthy Book your reservations and enjoy the experience that will leave a unyielding memory and bring home some uniquely designed souvenir cups.

Err Question Booklet Essay

Imagine you are a newly appointed supervisor/manager deep down your answer. You need to update your staff handbook to reflect current employment law. reveal three polar witnesss of reading you could use to en fit you to do this.1 Solicitors for help advice and law2 Current handbook3 www.legislation.gov.uk for up yo date and current legislationRead more Champion equality assortment and inclusion level 5 essayOnce you have identified a reliable source of information.Aiia) List three aspects of employment c overed by law.1 Contracted hours of arrive at2 Holidays/ yearly leave3 Maternity leaveb) List three main features of current employment legislation.1 Employment nears2 Equalities and Discrimination law3 Health and Safety legislationAiiiBriefly chalk erupt why employment law existsTo regulate the relationship between employers and employees, to establish minimum standards and equality of intercession for only workers.Task BBiDescribe the terms and conditions of your employment as set surface in your contract of employment or employment agreement.Place of work, confirming usual place of work but alike states this toilet vary according to the comp whatevers needs, without reduction in rank of catch up with. Hours of work, stating contracted weekly hours and excludes me from the right to limit working hours to 48 hours per week under the Working term Regulations 1998. Pay, confirming my hourly rate of pay the date and regularity that it is nonrecreational to me. Holiday entitlement for the year and when the annual holiday period starts and finishes according to the annual calendar. Notice of absence, how to inform the keep company and stating that any absence over 7 days will require a medical certificate. Sick pay is not paid by the company but SSP will be paid if it is empower to.Confidentiality, not to disclose any resident or company information including associates, potential customers, suppliers and potential suppliers. Dismis sal procedure, my contract also states reasons for neighboring(a) dismissal. Notice of termination of employment, confirming the time scales requires to be given by either the employee or employer to modify the contract of employment. Training, my contract of employment states that employees are needed to undertake an NVQ training scheme, or similar, as required by CQC or other relevant bodies.BiiDescribe the information which needs to be shown on your pay slip, statement.Your pay slip to show your full name, the name of the company you work for, your tax code and subject insurance number, the date in which payment is to made and sometimes it will show the method of payment. It should also have details of you gross and net pay, any deductions made to your gross pay and a abridgment of gross and net pay and any national insurance deductions for the current tax year to date.BiiiIdentify two changes to personal information on which you must report to your employer.You inform your employer if your name or encompass changes, also if you receive any criminal convictions these must be disclosed immediately.BivDescribe the procedure to win if you wanted to raise a musical score at work.In the first instance you must try, if volition and confident, to resolve the issue directly and verbally. If this is not affirmable or you dont feel able to do this then an informal confidential meeting should be had with your manager, if the issue is with your manager then this should be with the regional operations manager. This meeting should give you the opportunity to raise your grievance advising of the issue or issues you have, natural endowment names and places if necessary. If the manager feels the grievance is serious enough or if you are not happy with the payoff of an informal meeting then a formal procedure can be taken. Once a decision has been made to make a formal complaint then the complainant should put this in paternity to the manager, giving as many fac ts as possible about the complaint.The manager should then check into the facts using all resources available, including interviews with any persons named in the complaint including any witnesses. Any persons to be interviewed should be informed in writing giving the time and place the interview is to be held, and they will be entitled to have somebody accompany them, this could be either a colleague or trade coupling official. Once the formal complaint has been investigated then any outcomes or actions should be advised in writing without un mediocre delay. If you are not happy with the outcome of the formal complaint then you have the right to appeal, this should be done in writing stating the reasons for appeal. A meeting should be arranged as short as possible and your employer should give you all the details of this in writing. If you are still not satisfied after an appeal then you can raise your complaint to an employment tribunal if you wish.BvExplain the agree ways of working with your employer in relation to the play alonging areas1 Data protectionTo take all reasonable steps to ensure confidential information is kept safe and secure and not passed on to anyone without consent.2 GrievanceTo follow the company policy and procedure, talk to manager or put grievancein writing in the agreed manner.3 Conflict managementTo avoid conflict were possible, to follow company procedure of documentation of any behavioural issues. To store such information were agreed so this is accessible by management and agreed staff.4 Anti discriminatory practiceTo follow the company policy to not discriminate on grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation, culture, religion or disability. To value and attentiveness all colleagues, residents and visitors.5 Health and SafetyTo follow all Health and Safety policies and procedures and undertake all training given. To take wish of your own health and safety and that of others wherever possible.6 ConfidentialityTo ta ke reasonable steps to ensure information about individuals, company or company associates is kept safe and not disclosed unless otherwise agreed by the individual or company.7 WhistleblowingTo disclose any matters of disquiet in confidence, without recrimination for disclosure. This can be reported to management or other governing bodies if necessary.BviExplain how your manipulation contributes to the overall delivery of the service provided. As a support worker I provide both practical and emotional care and support to residents whilst maintaining the companies policies and procedures. I help to build care plans of the residents by documenting and report the physical and emotional needs and support given to individual residents. This helps to maintain up to date information of individual requirements meaning that each resident can be as independent as possible but also get the correct level of support they need.BviiExplain how you could influence the quality of the service pro vided by a) Following beaver practice within your work roleBy following best practice in my work role I can give high quality of careand influence my colleagues to do the same, resulting in best practices being followed as a normal way of working. This can result in a happy and safe living environment for the residents and a less trying work environment for the staff, in turn the reputation of the home will be positive. b) Not carrying out the requirements of your roleIf I do not carry out the requirements of my job role, this could result in piteous care being given and the living environment for the residents not being happy or safe. I could have a negative effect on my colleagues or even influence them to work to sorry standards resulting in the health, both physical and emotional of all persons using the home being effected in a negative way. The home may not be efficient and could possible fall down the stairs standards set by the company or other governing bodies such as the Care superior Commission.BviiiDescribe how your own work must be influenced by study factors such as Codes of Practice, National Occupational Standards, Legislation and Government Initiatives.

Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage amid the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. It is an antioxidant, go oning damage to serious cellular components caused by unstable group O species such as free radicals and peroxides. 2 Thiol groups are reducing agents, real at a concent ration of approximately 5 mM in animal cells.Glutathione reduces disulfide bonds embodimented indoors cytoplasmic proteins to cysteines by serving as an electron donor. In the process, glutathione is converted to its oxidized form glutathione disulfide (GSSG), similarly c all(prenominal)ed L(-)-Glutathione. Glutathione is found almost exclusively in its reduced form, since the enzyme that reverts it from its oxidized form, glutathione reductase, is constitutively active and inducible upon oxidative stress. In fact, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutath ione within cells is often used as a measure of cellular toxicity. 3 Glutathione is non an essential nutrient (meaning it does non have to be obtained via food), since it underside be synthesized in the body from the amino cuttings L-cysteine, L-glutamic dit, and glycine. The sulfhydryl (thiol) group (SH) of cysteine serves as a proton donor and is responsible for the biological activity of glutathione. Provision of this amino acid is the rate-limiting broker in glutathione synthetic thinking by the cells, since cysteine is relatively rare in foodstuffs.Furthermore, if released as the free amino acid, cysteine is toxic and spontaneously catabolized in the gastrointestinal tract and blood germ plasm. 4 Glutathione is synthesized in two adenosine triphosphate-dependent steps * First, gamma-glutamylcysteine is synthesized from L-glutamate and cysteine via the enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (a. k. a. glutamate cysteine ligase, GCL). This reply is the rate-limiting s tep in glutathione synthesis. citation needed * Second, glycine is added to the C-terminal of gamma-glutamylcysteine via the enzyme glutathione synthetase. Animal glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and modulatory (GCLM) subunit. GCLC constitutes all the enzymatic activity, whereas GCLM increases the catalytic efficiency of GCLC. Mice lacking GCLC (i. e. , all de novo GSH synthesis) die before birth. 5 Mice lacking GCLM demonstrate no appearward phenotype, precisely exhibit marked decrease in GSH and increased sensitivity to toxic insults. 678 charm all cells in the human body are cap competent of synthesizing glutathione, liver glutathione synthesis has been shown to be essential. Mice with genetically-induced exit of GCLC (i. e. , GSH synthesis) unaccompanied in the liver die within 1 month of birth. 9 The gear up glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a redox-sensitive homodimeric enzyme, hold in the plant kingdom. 10 In an oxidizing environment, intermolecular disulfide bridges are formed and the enzyme switches to the dimeric active state. The mid-point potential of the vital cysteine pair is -318 mV.In addition to the redox-dependent control is the plant GCL enzyme feedback subdue by GSH. 11 GCL is exclusively located in plastids, and glutathione synthetase is dual-targeted to plastids and cytosol, thus are GSH and gamma-glutamylcysteine exported from the plastids. 12 Both glutathione biosynthesis enzymes are essential in plants knock-outs of GCL and GS are lethal to embryo and seedling. 13 The biosynthesis pathway for glutathione is found in some bacteria, like cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, but is missing in m any(prenominal) other bacteria.Most eukaryotes synthesize glutathione, including humans, but some do not, such as Leguminosae, Entamoeba, and Giardia. The only archaea that make glutathione are halobacteria. 1415 edit Function Glutathione exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) sta tes. In the reduced state, the thiol group of cysteine is able to donate a reducing equivalent (H++ e-) to other unstable molecules, such as reactive group O species. In donating an electron, glutathione itself becomes reactive, but readily reacts with another reactive glutathione to form glutathione isulfide (GSSG). Such a reaction is viable due to the relatively elevated concentration of glutathione in cells (up to 5 mM in the liver). GSH can be regenerated from GSSG by the enzyme glutathione reductase. In healthy cells and tissue, more than 90% of the total glutathione pool is in the reduced form (GSH) and less than 10% exists in the disulfide form (GSSG). An increased GSSG-to-GSH ratio is considered indicative of oxidative stress. Glutathione has multiple functions It is the study endogenous antioxidant produced by the cells, participating sendly in the neutralization of free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds, as well as maintaining exogenous antioxidants such as vitam ins C and E in their reduced (active) forms. 16citation needed * law of the nitric oxide cycle, which is critical for life but can be problematic if unregulated 17 * Through direct conjugation, it detoxifies many xenobiotics (foreign compounds) and carcinogens, both organic and inorganic.This includes heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic. citation needed * It is essential for the immune system to wield its full potential, e. g. , (1) modulating antigen presentation to lymphocytes, thereby influencing cytokine production and type of response (cellular or humoral) that develops, (2) enhancing proliferation of lymphocytes, thereby increase order of magnitude of response, (3) enhancing killing activity of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, and (4) regulating apoptosis, thereby maintaining control of the immune response. citation needed * It plays a fundamental billet in numerous metabolic and biochemical reactions such as DNA synthesis and repair, protein synthesis, prostagla ndin synthesis, amino acid transport, and enzyme activation. Thus, every system in the body can be affected by the state of the glutathione system, especially the immune system, the nervous system, the gastrointestinal system and the lungs. 4 Function in animalsGSH is known as a substrate in both conjugation reactions and reduction reactions, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes in cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. However, it is in any case opened of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals. In the case of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450-reactive metabolite formed by paracetamol (or acetaminophen as it is known in the US), that becomes toxic when GSH is depleted by an over demigod of acetaminophen, Glutathione is an essential antidote to overdose.Glutathione conjugates to NAPQI and helps to detoxify it. In this capacity, it protects cellular protein thiol groups, which would otherwise become covalently modi fied when all GSH has been spent, NAPQI begins to react with the cellular proteins, killing the cells in the process. The preferred treatment for an overdose of this painkiller is the organisation (usually in atomized form) of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (often as a trademarked education called Mucomyst 1), which is processed by cells to L-cysteine and used in the de novo synthesis of GSH.Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also cardinal as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4. 4. 1. ) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3 . 1. 2. 6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione to glutathione and D-lactic acid. Glutathione has recently been used as an inhibitor of melanin in the cosmetics industry. In countries like Japan and the Philippines, this product is sold as a whitening soap. Glutathione competitively inhibits melanin synthesis in the reaction of tyrosinase and L-DOPA by interrupting L-DOPAs ability to bind to tyrosinase during melanin synthesis.The inhibition of melanin synthesis was reversed by increasing the concentration of L-DOPA, but not by increasing tyrosinase. Although the synthesized melanin was aggregated within 1 h, the aggregation was inhibited by the addition of glutathione. These subjects indicate that glutathione inhibits the synthesis and agglutination of melanin by interrupting the function of L-DOPA. 18 Function in plants In plants, glutathione is crucial for biotic and abiotic stress management. It is a pivotal component of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle, a system that reduces poisonous enthalpy peroxide. 19 It is the precursor of phytochelatins, glutathione oligomeres that chelate heavy metals such as cadmium. 20 Glutathione is required for efficient defence against plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae and Phytophthora brassicae. 21 APS reductase, an enzyme of the sulfur assimilation pathway uses glutathione as electron donor. Other enzymes employ glutathione as substrate are glutaredoxin, these small oxidoreductases are involved in flower development, salicylic acid and plant defence signalling. 22 edit SupplementationRaising GSH levels by dint of direct supplementation of glutathione is difficult. Research suggests that glutathione taken orally is not well absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract. In a study of acute oral administration of a very large dose (3 grams) of oral glutathione, Witschi and coworkers found it is not possible to increase spread glutathione to a clinically beneficial extent by the oral administration o f a single dose of 3 g of glutathione. 2324 Vitamin D increases glutathione levels in the brain and appears to be a catalyst for glutathione production. 25 The amount of aroused vitamin D in the brain is tied to how much vitamin D3 one has, either ingested through supplements or created in the skin via sun exposure. This suggests taking vitamin D3 supplements and/or getting adequate sun exposure boosts glutathione production. In addition, plasma and liver GSH concentrations can be raised by administration of certain supplements that serve as GSH precursors. N-acetylcysteine, ordinarily referred to as NAC, is the most bioavailable precursor of glutathione. 26 Other supplements, including S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)272829 and whey protein303132333435 have also been shown to increase glutathione content within the cell. NAC is available both as a drug and as a generic supplement. Alpha lipoic acid has also been shown to restore intracellular glutathione. 3637 Melatonin has been shown to stimulate a related enzyme, glutathione peroxidase,38 and silymarin, an extract of the seeds of the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) has also demonstrated an ability to replenish glutathione levels. 3940Glutathione is a tightly regulated intracellular constituent, and is limited in its production by negative feedback inhibition of its own synthesis through the enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, thus greatly minimizing any misfortune of over dosage. Glutathione augmentation using precursors of glutathione synthesis or intravenous glutathione is a strategy developed to address states of glutathione deficiency, proud oxidative stress, immune deficiency, and xenobiotic overload in which glutathione plays a part in the detoxification of the xenobiotic in question (especially through the hepatic route).Glutathione deficiency states include, but are not limited to, HIV/AIDS, chemical and infectious hepatitis, myalgic encephalomyelitis chronic fatigue syndrome ME / CFS,414 243 prostate and other cancers, cataracts, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, radiation poisoning, malnutritive states, clayey physical stress, and aging, and has been associated with suboptimal immune response. Many clinical pathologies are associated with oxidative stress and are elaborated upon in numerous medical references. 44445 Low glutathione is also strongly implicated in wasting and negative nitrogen balance,46 as seen in cancer, AIDS, sepsis, trauma, burns and even athletic overtraining. Glutathione supplementation can oppose this process, and in AIDS, for example, result in improved survival rates. 47 However, studies in many of these conditions have not been able to differentiate between low glutathione as a result of acutely (as in septic patients) or chronically (as in HIV) increased oxidative stress, and increased pathology as a result of preexisting deficiencies.Schizophrenia and bipolar deflect are associated w ith lowered glutathione. Accruing data suggest that oxidative stress whitethorn be a factor underlying the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). Glutathione (GSH) is the major free radical babbler in the brain. 48 Diminished GSH levels elevate cellular vulnerability towards oxidative stress characterized by accumulating reactive oxygen species. Replenishment of glutathione using N-acetyl cysteine has been shown to reduce symptoms of both disorders. citation needed Cancer Preliminary results indicate glutathione changes the level of reactive oxygen species in isolated cells grown in a laboratory,4950 which may reduce cancer development. 51 52 none of these tests were performed in humans. However, once a cancer has already developed, by conferring resistance to a number of chemotherapeutic drugs, elevated levels of glutathione in tumor cells are able to protect cancerous cells in bone marrow, breast, colon, larynx, and lu ng cancers. 53 edit Pathology overmuchness glutamate at synapses, which may be released in conditions such as traumatic brain injury, can prevent the uptake of cysteine, a necessary building-block of glutathione. Without the protection from oxidative injury afforded by glutathione, cells may be damaged or killed. 54 Methods to determine glutathione Reduced glutathione may be visualized using Ellmans reagent or bimane derivates such as monobromobimane. The monobromobimane method is more sensitive.In this procedure, cells are lysed and thiols extracted using a HCl buffer. The thiols are then reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT) and labelled by monobromobimane. Monobromobimane becomes fluorescent subsequently binding to GSH. The thiols are then separated by HPLC and the fluorescence quantified with a fluorescence detector. Bimane may also be used to quantify glutathione in vivo. The quantification is done by confocal laser scanning microscopy after application of the dye to living cel ls. 55 Another approach, which allows to measure the glutathione redox potential at a high spatial and temporal resolution in living cells is based on redox imaging using the redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP)56 or redox sensitive yellow fluorescent protein. . When we speak of glutathione, what will genuinely come to mind is that glutathione which most Filipino thought of as a whitening agent. It comes in soaps and any other beauty products which hopefully will make one whiter and fairer when used.But what we really dont know is that glutathione is found in each of three trillion cells in our body. It is the most powerful an antioxidant which we cannot go steady in a fruit or in a berry a common but it is found in our body. In fact its absence will make one die. In my freshman blog I ve told you about the glutathione story. Now Im going to tell you what glutathione really is and its role to our over all well being. So what is glutathione really Glutathione is a tri peptide, What is glutathione?